Platinum in PEM Electrolysis

Hydrogen evolution, cathode platinum, anode iridium context, MEAs, loading, efficiency, durability and recycling.

Where platinum fits in proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis.

Hydrogen evolution and platinum's role on the hydrogen-producing side.

Why platinum is a benchmark catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen generation.

The oxygen-evolution side is primarily an iridium challenge rather than a platinum one.

Membrane, catalyst layers and porous transport components in PEM electrolysis.

Why platinum and iridium loading should be tracked separately.

Electrical energy input compared with hydrogen energy output.

Catalyst, membrane and interface degradation during long service.

Why electrolyzer feedwater quality affects membrane and catalyst environments.

How variable wind and solar generation can interact with electrolyzer duty cycles.

Why low-carbon electricity sources other than renewables can also power electrolyzers.

How catalyst-coated components, membranes, plates and stack assembly create PGM demand.

Recovering PGM-containing materials from production scrap and end-of-life stacks.

Why platinum demand cannot be estimated from 'hydrogen technology' as one category.